Glossary

(NIST) Converting from one language form to another.

The process in which the genetic code carried by mRNA directs the synthesis of proteins from amino acids.

Breakage and removal of a large segment of DNA from one chromosome, followed by the segment's attachment to a different chromosome.

A set of communications protocols developed for the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency to internetwork dissimilar systems. It is used by many corporations, almost all American universities, and agencies of the federal government. The File Transfer Protocol and Simple Mail Transfer Protocol provide file transfer and electronic mail capability. The TELENET protocol provides a terminal emulation capability that allows a user to interact with any other type of computer in the network. The TCP protocol controls the transfer of the data, and the IP protocol provides the routing mechanism.

The process whereby a transposon or insertion sequence inserts itself into a new site on the same or another DNA molecule. The exact mechanism is not fully understood and different transposons may transpose by different mechanisms. Transposition in bacteria does not require extensive DNA homology between the transposon and the target DNA. The phenomenon is therefore described as illegitimate recombination.

A transposable or movable genetic element. A relatively small DNA segment that has the ability to move (mobile genetic element) from one chromosomal position to another, e.g., Tn 5 is a bacterial transposon that carries the genes for resistance to the antibiotics neomycin and kanamycin and the genetic information for insertion and excision of the transposon.

The provision of health care by one or more health care providers. Treatment includes any consultation, referral or other exchanges of information to manage a patient's care. The Privacy Notice explains that the HIPAA Privacy Rule allows Partners and its affiliates to use and disclose protected health information for treatment purposes without specific authorization.

An Investigational New Drug (IND) that makes a promising new drug available to desperately ill patients as early in the drug development process as possible. FDA permits the drug to be used if there is preliminary evidence of efficacy and it treats a serious or life-threatening disease, or if there is not comparable therapy available.

Treatment Identification Number assigned to the subject according to the randomization schedule and that relates to the investigational medicinal product(s) contained in the kit.

A sugar (non-reducing disaccharide) found in certain algae and plants, some bacteria, and some insects. It is used as a preservative and stabilizer in some biopharmaceutical formulations.

(ICH Q9) A statistical term referring to the direction or rate of change of a variable(s).

Toxics Release Inventory

Identification code of the trial site, investigator, and sponsor. (Synonyms: Trial ID, Protocol Number, Study Name, etc.)

Systems or processes that have demonstrated functional capability and regulatory acceptance over several years of usage. In many cases, these may be common practice with the industry

A cogeneration system that simultaneously produces mechanical power (often converted to electricity), heat, and cooling from a single heat source such as fuel or solar energy.

Compounds present in the feed water that are formed by the reaction of chlorine and the organic material in the water. The most common THM found in water is chloroform, which is quite difficult to remove. Activated carbon and degasification can reduce THMs.

A process in which conjugation is used to transfer a plasmid vector to a target cell when the plasmid vector is not self-mobilizable. When (1) cells that have a plasmid with conjugative and mobilizing functions are mixed with (2) cells that carry the plasmid vector and (3) target cells, mobilizing plasmids enter the cells with the plasmid vector and mobilize the plasmid vector to enter into the target cells. Following tripartite mating, the target cells with the plasmid vector are separated from the other cell types in the mixture by various selection procedures.

Possessing three copies of a particular chromosome instead of the normal two copies.

A method of attacking a computer system, typically by providing a useful program which contains code intended to compromise a computer system by secretly providing for unauthorized access, the unauthorized collection of privileged system or user data, the unauthorized reading or altering of files, the performance of unintended and unexpected functions, or the malicious destruction of software and hardware.

An involuntary plant response to a stimulus, in which a bending, turning or growth occurs, such as phototropism, geotropism or hydrotropism. The response may be positive (towards) or negative (away from) to the stimulus.

One of over 20 naturally occurring amino acids.

(ICH Q2 (R1))